To Worship and Celebrate the Beauty of Filipina Women! To serve as my personal space to vent my anger, happiness, frustrations, success, to appreciate the beauty of the girls i admire..My personal blog/ online diary/mema, collection of my favorite Photos of Celebrities, Influencers, Models, and other beautiful & cute Filipinas taken from the net & from my own photo shoots..
i really cannot see the logic behind this so called quarantine pass piece of paper... Even Duterte doesnt issue a direct memo about this as i read over n over again the malacanang memo about the quarantine..
They say it is from DILG daw?? it defies the logic..our aim is to defeat the virus by minimizing contacts..that piece of paper is just a vehicle for more virus transmission because even its issuance means more contacts..
then it will be check by checker right? it means itwill touched..or even if they dont touch the paper..it means more contact person to person between the checker and checkee less than 1 feet away..
Also, imbes na wag na lumabas ang mga tao dahil sa asar sa checkpoint is lalo lang sila lalabas, kasi katwiran is me quarantine pass naman sila.. pero anyway takot narin ang mga tao maglalabas kaso yung mga matitigas ang ulo, is lalo tuloy gaganahan lumabas , dahil me quarantine pass na sila anyway i just want to express my opinion about this and i will just shut my mouth and mind my own problems..
HOPEFULLY I AM WRONG AND THAT PIECE OF SHIT OF PAPER WILL REALLY HELP our goal to defeat the virus..
so ferdi soldering soldering shut up and dun ka nalang sa problema mo sa jowa at wag ka na makipag away tungkol sa politika tangina ka..so regarding this quarantine pass paper nato..Shut up ka nalang..
example of quarantine pass given by the Brgy Official
"If you do build a great experience, customers tell each other about that. Word of mouth is very powerful."
"We
expect all our businesses to have a positive impact on our top and
bottom lines. Profitability is very important to us or we wouldn't be in
this business."
"There
are two kinds of companies, those that work to try to charge more and
those that work to charge less. We will be the second."
"A brand for a company is like a reputation for a person. You earn reputation by trying to do hard things well."
sa totoo lng no. realtalk lang..nakakapagod ng magwork, dumaan sa mga checkpoints, magexplain sa mga police at militar , pumunta s bangko na open pra makapagsend ng payment s suppliers, at dumaan s mayat mayang thermal scanning ng mga guards (buti sana kung accurate gamit nila.. yung binebenta kasi namin is accurate hahaha..)
mas masarap nalang matulog at manood ng putlockers.. at panoorin mga movies ni elena kosha.. or ichat yung mga gusto mong jowain.. or pumunta ka nalng s jowa mo at dun magspend ng lockdown..
pro me commitment tayo sa mga client at sa bayan natin. na kahit sa simpleng paraan lang na madeliver tong mga thermal scanner sa mga cliente at hopefully makapagprovide sa kanila ng facemask is masasabi ko na tumulong ako at ang mga kasama ko sa shop sa paglaban sa virus nato.
sa totoo lang halos wala ngang kita dito kasi nag quadruple talaga ang price ng infrared thermometers sa china at halos nag x10 yata presyo ng facemask sa china..
then kami sa Lagunastar bilang maliit lang na shop na wala namang connection sa itaas, personally takot ako maaccused ng overpricing..at maraid. wala kaming pera pambayad sa abogado!
sobrang baba kasi ng SRP ng gobyerno then wala pang malinaw na kung anong model at brand. syempre kahit ano naman. mapakotse or damit, or iba ibang model/ brand iba iba ang price. ang if magandang klase. mas mahal talaga. if iset mo s Php1,000 ang price limit ng infrared thermometers. e baka model n panglaruan yun at hindi accurate.
hindi naman kasi yan katulad ng gamot na parepareho. like na pag sinabing paracetamol is kahit ano pang brand yan. mahal at murang brand. paracetamol talaga yan! same ang chemical structure nyan at exactly same item yan so dapat talaga me price limit yan..
so now hindi namin maibenta talaga yung mga thermal scanner at facemask s price na talagang normal mark up profit margin namin na kikita kami. sacrifice price talaga. para lang mapagsilibihan namin ang mga cliente namin. pra after this hopefully is maalala nila kami at marewardan ng order ng soldering soldering items..
hindi ako takot maraid sa hoarding kasi ang liit lang naman ng shop namin at small time lang kami pra maghoard..
kaya personally prang nawawalan nako ng loob. kasi iniisip ko, wala na nga ako halos profit, baka maraid pa. then baka ibash ka pa sa social media. then araw araw nakikipagbuno ka sa mga checkpoint. then now me so called quarantine pass pa. pero malinaw na hindi namin need yan kasi me company id naman kami. kaso papano kung ignorante yung brgy tanod na magcheck sa akin??
siguro sa mga susunod na araw at linggo. habang wait dumating ang new stocks ng thermometer at facemasks.. magkakasubukan ng lakas ang mga supplier at distributor na katulad ko. dito masusukat ang Will and Tenacity namin to serve our clients.
pero ako personally ay malapit ng sumuko.. madeliver ko lang siguro tong mga commitment namin na ideliver is ilockdown ko nalang sarili at intayin nalang matapos tong lockdown tutal halos wala rin naman kita. hahaha. kasi nga hindi morin naman mabenta sa tamang presyo..at baka sabihin overpricing pa.. eh sa totoo lang nag x4 to x5 nga tlaga presyo nyan s world market ang thermal scanner. yung facemask, nag x10 price s china.. realtalk lang. dapat maging realistic din ang gobyerno sa price limit..
then sana ay makiisa lahat ng mga tao at wag na lumabas ng bahay.. para kaming NEED talaga lumabas ay hindi n masyadong maexpose. at pra hindi masyado mahaba pila s checkpoint..
lastly, personally , sana naman magkajowa nako ng sexy pra naman me magcomfort naman sa akin , pra me makayakap naman ako sa gabi.. pra naman marecharge naman ako at makapagsilbi parin sa mga valued clients sa panahon na need nila kami.. #thermalscanner
ang purpose is to defeat the virus right? by minimizing person to person transmission therefore limiting the virus of viable host therefore the virus will die a natural death...naisip ko lang, hindi kaya magbackfire pa lalo tong quarantine pass? kasi imbes na manahimik nlang sa bahay yung mga tao, e lalo pang maglalabas ng bahay mga tao, katwiran e me Quarantine pass naman ako..
Also IF that piece of shit of paper will be checked often therefore, be touched often, with many different people who will check it, therefore exposing more people- both the checker & checkee?
isa pa- Mayor Vico is right.. “Isa pa, useless ang one per household quarantine pass na valid para sa buong quarantine period, dahil tatanungin pa rin naman ng pulis o barangay kung ano ang purpose nila sa paglabas ng bahay
I'm now a fan of Mayor Vico.. our objective is to defeat the virus by avoiding contacts.. & make our daily lives back to normal or at least have resemblance of normalcy..This quarantine pass will just lead to more person-to-person contact.. as i have this very sexy beautiful friend whose sister is issuing the pass, now their house is full of people.. how is that? so ganon din sa lahat ng bahay ng ibang mag iissue ng pass nayan? then papano po ang protocol? pag nakita ka sa labas ng bahay, ichecheck ka lagi if me dala kang Q-pass? eh so panay person to person lagi siya? pano kaya yun???
-------- "However, by requiring people to secure a quarantine pass, the Pasig mayor said that it would only add to the set of requirements that the public would have to follow.
“‘Wag na natin dagdagan ng requirements. Magiging karagdagang person-to-person contact at waiting time lang ito imbis na makapunta ka ng mabilis sa tindahan, bumili ng pagkain, at umuwi na rin kaagad (Let us not add more requirements, This would only lead to more person-to-person contact and waiting time instead of going quickly to stores to buy food and return home immediately),” Sotto said.
“Basta’t gawin na lang natin simple. Kung hindi para sa trabaho, medikal, o para bumili ng pagkain/supplies, stay home (Let’s make things simple. If the reasons for going out were not for work, medical, or for buying food and supplies, stay home),” he added.
since almost similar sa genetics tong SARS1 at SARS2 (aka Corona Virus COVID-19) If madaling mamatay tong SARS1 sa init,, Hopefully...sana.. PATAY KANG Ding SARS2 -CORONA VIRUS KA SA INIT SA PINAS!! lampas nga ng 40 deg C sa labas..
I OFF ANG MGA AIRCON!
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The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Viability of the SARS Coronavirus
K. H. Chan,1J. S. Malik Peiris,1S. Y. Lam,1L. L. M. Poon,1K. Y. Yuen,1 and W. H. Seto1
Academic Editor: Alain Kohl
Received25 Nov 2010
Revised31 Jul 2011
Accepted31 Jul 2011
Published01 Oct 2011
Abstract
The main route of transmission of SARS CoV infection is presumed to be respiratory droplets. However the virus is also detectable in other body fluids and excreta. The stability of the virus at different temperatures and relative humidity on smooth surfaces were studied. The dried virus on smooth surfaces retained its viability for over 5 days at temperatures of 22–25°C and relative humidity of 40–50%, that is, typical air-conditioned environments. However, virus viability was rapidly lost (>3 log10) at higher temperatures and higher relative humidity (e.g., 38°C, and relative humidity of >95%). The better stability of SARS coronavirus at low temperature and low humidity environment may facilitate its transmission in community in subtropical area (such as Hong Kong) during the spring and in air-conditioned environments. It may also explain why some Asian countries in tropical area (such as Malaysia, Indonesia or Thailand) with high temperature and high relative humidity environment did not have major community outbreaks of SARS.
1. Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), was a new emerging disease associated with severe pneumonia and spread to involve over 30 countries in 5 continents in 2003. A novel coronavirus was identified as its cause [1–3]. SARS had a dramatic impact on health care services and economies of affected countries, and the overall mortality rate was estimated to be 9%, but rising to 50% in those aged 60 or above [4]. A notable feature of this disease was its predilection for transmission in the health care setting and to close family and social contacts. The disease is presumed to be spread by droplets, close direct or indirect contact, but the relative importance of these routes of transmission is presently unclear. A study showed that viral aerosol generation by a patient with SARS was possible and therefore airborne droplet transmission was a possible means of transmission [5]. However, the role of fomites and environmental contamination in transmission of infection is presently still unclear. An outbreak of disease affecting over 300 residents in high-rise apartment block (Amoy Gardens) in Hong Kong could not be explained by respiratory droplet transmission from infected patients [6]. Infectious virus is detectable in the faeces [7], and aerosolization of virus in contaminated faeces is believed to be the mode of transmission of this outbreak [8].
We and others have reported that infectivity of SARS CoV (SARS coronavirus) was lost after heating at 56°C for 15 minutes but that it was stable for at least 2 days following drying on plastic. It was completely inactivated by common fixatives used in laboratory [9, 10]. Another study showed that it was inactivated by ultraviolet light, alkaline (), or acidic () conditions [11]. Human coronaviruses have been shown to survive in PBS or culture medium with 5–10% FCS for several days [12–14] but they only survive a few hours after drying [13, 14]. There have been some studies reporting an association between the SARS outbreak, metrological factors, and air pollution [15–17]. Thus, information on the survival of the SARS coronavirus (SCoV) in the environment at different temperature and humidity conditions is of significant interest to understanding virus transmission. A recent study using surrogate coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHC)) has investigated the effect of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surface [18]. The survival effects of these environmental factors on SARS coronavirus remain unclear. In the present study, we report the stability of the SARS coronavirus at different temperatures and relative humidity.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Virus Strain and Cell Line
The SARS CoV strain used in this study is HKU39849. Foetal monkey kidney cells (FRhK-4) were cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM, Gibco, USA) with 10% foetal calf serum and penicillin streptomycin (Gibco, USA) at 37°C in 5% CO2 and were used for growing stock virus and for titration of viral infectivity [1, 2].
2.2. Preparation of Stock Virus
Stock virus was harvested when infection approximately 75% of the cell monolayer of a virus infected flask manifested cytopathic effect (CPE). Infected cells were subjected to one cycle of freeze and thaw centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 minutes to remove cell debris and the culture supernatant was aliquoted and stored at −80°C until use.
2.3. Determination of Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (50%) (TCID50)
96-well microtitre plates containing 100 Ī¼L of confluent FRhK-4 were infected with 100 Ī¼L of serial 10-fold of dilutions of stock virus in minimal essential medium with 1% FCS (maintenance medium) starting from 10−1 to 108. Titrations were done in quadruplicate. Infected cells were incubated for 4 days at 37°C. Appearance of CPE was recorded daily. TCID50 was determined according to Reed and the Muench method [19].
2.4. Effect of Drying, Heat, and Relative Humidity
Ten microlitre of maintenance medium containing 107 TCID50 per mL of virus was placed in individual wells of a 24-well plastic plates and allowed to dry at room temperature (22~25°C) and relative humidity of 40–50% (i.e., conditions prevailing in a typical air-conditioned room). One hundred microlitre of MM was used to resuspend the virus at 0 hr, 3 hr, 7 hr, 11 hr, 13 hr, 24 hr, and up to 4 weeks and the residual virus infectivity was titrated. Controls in closed screw cap eppendorf tube were included each time and treated similarly but without drying.
The experiment was repeated at different temperatures (38°C, 33°C, 28°C) and relative humidities (>95%, 80~89%) for 3 hr, 7 hr, 11 hr, 13 hr, and 24 hr. A nebulizer under a controlled condition was used to generate high and relative low humidity environment. All the experiments above were conducted in duplicate and the residual viral infectivity was titrated.
2.5. Infectivity Assay
The infectivity of residual virus was titrated in quadruplicate on 96-well microtitre plates containing 100 Ī¼L of confluent FRhK-4 cells. 100 Ī¼L of serial 10-fold of dilutions of virus in maintenance medium starting from 10−1 to 108 was added into FRhK-4 cells. The infected cells were incubated at 37°C for 4 days. Appearance of CPE was recorded daily. TCID50 was determined according to the Reed and Muench method [19].
3. Results
Ten microlitre of 107 TCID50 per mL of virus was placed in individual wells of a 24-well plastic plate (representing a nonporous surface) and dried. The dried virus was then incubated at different temperatures (38°C, 33°C, 28°C) at different relative humidity (>95%, 80~89%) for 3 hr, 7 hr, 11 hr, 13 hr, and 24 hr and the residual viral infectivity was titrated. A similar experiment was conducted at room temperature and relative humidity of about 40–50% (air-conditioned room) for up to 4 weeks. Virus dried on plastic retained viability for up to 5 days at 22~25°C at relative humidity of 40~50% with only loss of titre (Figure 1). After that virus infectivity is gradually lost ever time. Loss of virus infectivity in solution was generally similar to dried virus under these environmental conditions. This indicates that SARS CoV is a stable virus that may potentially be transmitted by indirect contact or fomites, especially in air-conditioned environments.
High relative humidity (>95%) at comparatively low temperature (28°C and 33°C) did not affect the virus infectivity significantly (Figure 2(a)). High temperature (38°C) at 80–90% relative humidity led to a 0.25~2 loss of titre at 24 hr (Figure 2(b)). However, if the dried virus was stored at high temperature (38°C) and high relative humidity (>95%), there was a further ~1.5 loss of titre for each time point up to 24 hr (0.38~3.38 ) when compared with high temperature (38°C) at a lower relative humidity 80–90% (Figures 3(a)–3(c)).
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
4. Discussion
Viruses do not replicate outside living cell but infectious virus may persist on contaminated environmental surfaces and the duration of persistence of viable virus is affected markedly by temperature and humidity. Contaminated surfaces are known to be significant vectors in the transmission of infections in the hospital setting as well as the community. The role of fomites in the transmission of RSV has been clearly demonstrated [20]. Survival of viruses on a variety of fomites has been studied for influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, poxviruses, and retroviruses [21]. The human coronavirus associated with the common cold was reported to remain viable only for 3 hours on environmental surfaces after drying, although it remains viable for many days in liquid suspension [13]. Parainfluenza and RSV viruses were viable after drying on surfaces for 2 and 6 hours, respectively [20, 22]. In aerosolised form, human coronavirus 229E is generally less stable in high humidity [12]. The environmental stability of SCoV was previously unknown and this information is clearly important for understanding the mechanisms of transmission of this virus in a hospital and community setting.
In the present study, we have demonstrated that SARS CoV can survive at least two weeks after drying at temperature and humidity conditions found in an air-conditioned environment. The virus is stable for 3 weeks at room temperature in a liquid environment but it is easily killed by heat at 56°C for 15 minutes [9]. This indicates that SARS CoV is a stable virus that may potentially be transmitted by indirect contact or fomites. These results may indicate that contaminated surfaces may play a major role in transmission of infection in the hospital and the community.
Our studies indicate that SCoV is relatively more stable than the human coronaviruses 229E or OC43 and some other viral respiratory pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus. These findings suggest that, while direct droplet transmission is an important route of transmission [23], the role of fomites and environmental contamination in virus transmission may play a significant role in virus transmission. In particular, fomites may contribute to the continued transmission of infection in the nosocomial setting that continues to occur in spite of the great attention and stringent precautions taken to prevent droplet spread. In addition to droplet precautions, reenforcing contact precautions and hand washing is called for.
Faecal contamination of SCoV coronavirus may thus be an effective route of transmission of the disease. The outbreak in Amoy Garden in Hong Kong which affected over 300 residents in a single-apartment block with thought to have been transmitted by contaminated sewage. The stability of the virus on environmental surfaces and its presence in faeces indicates the potential that fecal contamination of fresh-food production may pose a threat for virus transmission; especially in countries with poor sanitation and sewage disposal systems and that studies to address this possibility are needed.
In this study, we showed that high temperature at high relative humidity has a synergistic effect on inactivation of SARS CoV viability while lower temperatures and low humidity support prolonged survival of virus on contaminated surfaces. The environmental conditions of countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are thus not conducive to the prolonged survival of the virus. In countries such as Singapore and Hong Kong where there is a intensive use of air-conditioning, transmission largely occurred in well-air-conditioned environments such as hospitals or hotels. Further, a separate study has shown that during the epidemic, the risk of increased daily incidence of SARS was 18.18-fold higher in days with a lower air temperature than in days with a higher temperature in Hong Kong [24] and other regions [15–17]. Taken together, these observations may explain why some Asian countries in tropical area (with high temperature at high relative humidity) such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand did not have nosocomial outbreaks of SARS (Tables 1 and 2(a)–2(c)). It may also explain why Singapore, which is also in tropical area (Table 2(d)), had most of its SARS outbreaks in hospitals (air-conditioned environment). Interestingly, during the outbreak of SARS in Guangzhou, clinicians kept the windows of patient rooms open and well ventilated and these may well have reduced virus survival and this reduced nosocomial transmission. SARS CoV can retain its infectivity up to 2 weeks at low temperature and low humidity environment, which might facilitate the virus transmission in community as in Hong Kong which locates in subtropical area (Table 2(e)). Other environmental factors including wind velocity, daily sunlight, and air pressure, had shown to be associated with SARS epidemic, should also be considered [16, 17]. The dynamics of SARS epidemic involves multiple factors including physical property of virus, outdoor and indoor environments, hygiene, space, and genetic predispositions [10, 15–17, 24, 25]. Understanding the stability of viruses in different temperature and humidity conditions is important in understanding transmission of novel infectious agent including that of the recent influenza Apandemic H1N12009.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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